The geopolitical significance of the CPEC in strengthening the BRI toward the west

Abstract

This paper examines the strategic importance of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) within the larger framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). While much research has focused on the bilateral aspects of CPEC, there is a significant gap in understanding its emerging extensions into Afghanistan and Iran, and how these extensions collectively strengthen the BRI's westward expansion. To address this gap, the paper poses the research question: “What is the role of the emerging extensions to Iran and Afghanistan in strengthening the BRI's westward expansion?” To answer this question, a qualitative research methodology is employed, guided by a theoretical framework that views geopolitics and geoeconomics as interconnected. This is complemented by a systematic analysis of official documents, policy statements, and expert commentaries from 2016 to 2024. The findings indicate that CPEC serves as the central artery of the BRI, transforming Pakistan into a crucial hub and extending its influence across South, Central, and West Asia. The Afghan sub-corridor offers a vital southern route for the Central Asian Republics (CARs) to access a warm-water port. Meanwhile, the connection to Iran creates an essential link to West Asia and Europe. These extensions allow China to diversify its trade and energy routes, mitigate vulnerabilities such as the “Malacca Dilemma,” and contribute to a more multipolar world order.